11 Analytical Essay Topics on Urban Economics

11 Analytical Essay Topics on Urban Economics If you are tasked with writing an analytical essay on urban economics, consider the eleven facts below: The core periphery model of urban economics focuses heavily on location of workers and their firms. This model is considered to be two by two by two. The first â€Å"two† in this scenario are the two regions. The second â€Å"two† are the produce process which includes both skilled labor and unskilled labor. The third â€Å"two† are both manufactured and agricultural goods. Agricultural goods are tied directly to the land from whence the products come and therefore rely upon the traditional sector. The product is produced at a rate constant with the scale, and relies upon unskilled labor typically found on family farms. Unskilled labor in this regard is immobile. This means that each region relies upon a fixed designation of land and a fixed designation of unskilled labor in order to produce said products. From this, the price of the product is fixed and there is no transportation cost. Manufactured goods are those which are part of the more modern production sector. Modern goods have to be produced using skilled labor which can move between two different regions. The modern sector’s production is contingent upon the economies of scale. The amount of manufacturing firms is directly limited by increasing returns. Manufacturing firms each produce one variety of a more modern product and sell different varieties based on customer preference, in order to ensure balanced consumption. Every customer in the manufacturing product sector purchases a small quantity of variety, based on the relative prices. If a particular variety has a lower price, then consumers will purchase larger quantities. The price for the modern products is based upon the trade cost and competition cost. If there are higher numbers of firms in a particular area, then there is more competition and consumers will be able to search for lower prices within that particular region. Price of imported items from other regions have to take into account the trade cost, which is the cost of having to transport that product to the new region. This means that imported product varieties are higher priced compared to products produced locally. From this, consumers will buy larger quantities from local manufacturers because of the reduced price and the lack of trade cost. The Symmetric Equilibrium is based upon symmetric regions that have equal distribution of their products. In order to remain competitive, the manufacturers from the regions should sell their products to home consumers and non-local firms should mark up the price of their products in order to cover their trade cost, which means they sell less compared to local firms. The symmetric outcome from this is equilibrium due to the fact that there is no incentive for the firms or the workers to relocate their operation. The reason for this is that the two regions have equal mixtures of modern varieties as well as similar average prices, which means that consumers will end up with the same level of utility in both regions. With the symmetric equilibrium between two symmetric regions, it stands to reason that if there are three firms in two separate regions, the workers will have the same amount of access to employment opportunities, which means both regions will have the same wage potential. In addition to this, it also means the same customer base for the companies and the same workforce, resulting in the same profits. The core-periphery model follows situations where there is unstable or stable symmetric outcome such as when firms relocate. If there was equilibrium and one firm relocated to the other region, then one of two things would The first is that there is a self-correcting swap such that the relocation results in decreased profits from the local manufacturers, who then decide to relocate to the region from whence the new company came. This means two companies traded regions and the outcome is restored in the form of symmetric equilibrium. But if this does not happen, then self-reinforcing relocation takes place. This means that the relocating firm increases their profit, which means the other firms from the original area want to move too to increase their profits, and suddenly all of the firms have grown at the expense of the existing firms in the new region. Unfortunately this results in local-competition effect decreasing, losing profit, and giving way to the relocated firms. When trade openness increases and at the same time trade cost decreases, then the size of the local-competition effect will begin to diminish. This results in the profit gap getting closer and closer to zero. Of course, once the trade cost reaches zero there is no longer any local-competition effect and in turn there is no gap. The market-access effect changes based on the trade costs. When workers of a relocating firm end up buying more output from existing firms, then they do not have to bear the burden of the trade-cost markup on the goods that they sell in the new region. As the amount of trade costs decrease, and at the same time the trade cost mark up decreases, then there are savings in the markups which are the result of relocation diminishing. The result of this is that the cost-of-living effect is smaller. When there is zero trade cost then the cost of living effect is non-existent because of the lack of trade-cost markups. When there is an openness that is perfect, there is zero for a profit gap. When there is low trade openness, then the local competition effect will dominate which results in a negative profit gap. When instances such as this arise, there is a stable symmetric outcome. When there is high trade cost and a resulting low openness, then the profit gap is quite large, and as these two effects begin to peter due to increased openness, the existing profit gap will diminish. Interesting facts, aren’t they? Of course, they are because they are compiled to give you a better understanding of urban economics. That’s why you also need to visit our 20 topics on this issue together with a sample essay. However, if you have troubles with the essay type itself, read the article on analytical essay writing. References: Mills, Edwin S.  Urban Economics. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1972. Print. Neutze, Max.  The Price Of Land And Land Use Planning. Paris: Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1973. Print. Nijkamp, Peter et al.  Handbook Of Regional And Urban Economics. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986. Print. OSullivan, Arthur.  Urban Economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003. Print. Rasmussen, David W.  Urban Economics. New York: Harper Row, 1973. Print. Richardson, Harry W.  Urban Economics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971. Print. Thompson, Wilbur Richard.  A Preface To Urban Economics. Baltimore, Maryland: Published for Resources for the Future by Johns Hopkins Press, 1965. Print.

Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, and Other Raised Symbols

Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, and Other Raised Symbols Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, and Other Raised Symbols Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, and Other Raised Symbols By Mark Nichol This post details the function of various symbols that appear the top of a line of type to communicate additional information about the text. Apostrophe The apostrophe signals that, depending on usage, one or more letters are missing or are being added to perform a grammatical function. An apostrophe marks omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction of cannot to can’t or, in an extreme case, of the substitution of fo’c’stle for forecastle) marks possessive case (as in â€Å"John’s hat† or â€Å"the girls’ smiles†) marks plurals of individual characters, as in â€Å"dot the i’s and cross the t’s.† Quotation Marks The primary use of double quotation marks (called, in British English, inverted commas) is to indicate direct quotation of spoken or written content. (Single quotation marks are used only to frame quotations within quotations, as in this section of this post, or in technical usage such as in linguistics texts.) A self-contained quotation is capitalized (â€Å"She asked, ‘Where are you going?’†) A partial quotation is not capitalized when it is syntactically integrated into the framing sentence (â€Å"He explained that they ‘had some issues to work out.’†) They also frame meanings and definitions (â€Å"That sign means ‘Stop’†; â€Å"The definition of insanity is ‘Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results’†). Quotation marks are sometimes employed as scare quotes and sneer quotes, which emphasize ironic usage (â€Å"After the bombing, no one remained alive in the village to celebrate its ‘pacification’†) or signal that a writer is using but not endorsing a term (â€Å"Beware executives who want to ‘leverage’ everything†). They are unnecessary when naming something, even when the term is slang used for a meaning other than its original sense (â€Å"The process of extracting digital content is called ripping†). Use of so-called preceding a term in scare quotes is redundant. Avoid use of quotation marks to set off clichà ©s (â€Å"This behavior creates lethal ‘blind spots’ in an organization†). Quotations also set off titles of components of compositions when referred to elsewhere than in the composition itself, such as references to the following: newspaper or magazine articles titles of chapters in a book titles of short stories or short poems names of episodes of television series titles of songs titles of speeches In addition, quotations frame a term consisting of more than one word when the term refers to itself rather than to the concept the term represents (â€Å"What does â€Å"net neutrality† mean?); italicize single words used as words (â€Å"The word strike can be used as a noun, a verb, or an adjective†). Avoid using straight quotation marks (), which have a plain, primitive appearance. (But see below.) Prime A prime is a symbol similar to an apostrophe or a close quotation mark that in technical usage follows a number to denote a unit; in lay content, a single prime (†²) most frequently represents feet or minutes, and a double prime (†³) indicates inches or seconds (â€Å"The deck is 10†² 6†³ by 12†²Ã¢â‚¬ ) or minutes (â€Å"The duration was 3†² 36†³Ã¢â‚¬ ). (There are also triple and quadruple primes.) Primes are sometimes indicated by simple straight quotation marks ( and ). These symbols (which originated as miniature Roman numerals I, II, and III) are best reserved for informal use or in practical content such as text about woodworking, or in charts or tables. Otherwise, spelling out the terms the primes represent is recommended. Ordinal Indicator An ordinal indicator is a superscripted, or raised, number, letter, or other character used in text as a cross-reference to a footnote or endnote or a list of referenced sources. These are employed, especially in academic texts, to direct readers to additional information that would be distracting if embedded in the running, or regular, text. When encountering an ordinal indicator, readers can ignore it or can direct their attention to the cross-referenced material and then return to the position of the indicator and resume reading the running text. Superscript characters are located directly after the pertinent word, phrase, or sentence in the text, though they follow, rather than precede, punctuation (with the exception of a dash, which the indicator should precede). Degree Symbol The degree symbol ( °), following a number, most often represents degrees of arc or of temperature, though it has other specialized functions. Usually, the symbol is appropriate only for technical usage or for charts and tables and should be replaced by degrees in lay content. Asterisk An asterisk (*)- the word is from the Greek word for â€Å"little star†- has various functions in scientific disciplines, but in general writing, it is used as an ordinal indicator when, because of the small number of notes in a text, a sequential system of numbers or letters are not required. (However, sometimes, when there are a handful of references requiring such indicators but numbers or letters are not used, other symbols such as the dagger and double dagger are employed in a traditional hierarchy.) Asterisks also take the place of bullets, frame a word or phrase to represent italic or boldface type when it is not available, and appear in a group of three centered on a page to denote a major narrative transition. Bullet A bullet is a typographic mark, usually a solid dot but often represented by other characters, used in a vertical list when numbers are not appropriate because the list is not hierarchical or sequential. (See this post and others at DailyWritingTips.com for more information about vertical lists.) Ditto Mark A ditto mark is a close quotation mark used to represent a repeated number, word, or phrase, as in an inventory list in which the quantity of one item is identical to that of another item. It is generally not used in formal writing; in informal usage, the word ditto is shorthand for â€Å"the same,† as in the declaration â€Å"I’m hungry,† and the response â€Å"Ditto,† indicating that the respondent is also hungry. Dagger A dagger is a typographical mark resembling a knife pointing downward, or a Christian cross. The dagger, and the double dagger, often appearing more as a plus sign stacked atop another, are sometimes used to signal a footnote when an asterisk has already been employed. The daggers also have distinct uses in notation for various disciplines and pastimes. Intellectual-Property Symbols The symbols  ©,  ®, â„  , and â„ ¢ denote specific rights to intellectually property, including compositions, brand names, and the like. They are employed in commercial communications to represent that the users are honoring the right of the copyright holder or trademark holder, for example, to claim the intellectual property, but they are not required when mentioning, for example a brand name. Publishers are required, however, to obtain permission to reproduce, for example, an excerpt from a song’s lyrics. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BEMankind vs. Humankind